All data sources for climate footprints

See a complete list of data sources and research used in the calculation of an individual's and citizen's aggregated climate footprints

Updated: 7 June 2023

Introduction

This document is intended to be a complete list of the data sources used when calculating an individual’s footprint (https://support.ducky.eco/en/calculate-your-footprint) and aggregated citizen footprints (https://www.folketsfotavtrykk.eco/). These results are found by calculating the footprint of every household in Norway using Ducky’s footprint calculator and statistical data on the households.

The data for Ducky's calculations are collected and maintained by Ducky applied research group. There are two main types of data. Some of the numbers we use in the footprint calculation do not vary between neighbourhoods and municipalities. An example of such a data source is the factor for calculating the emissions factor associated with using electricity. The other data type varies between neighbourhoods and municipalities. This data drives the differences that can be seen in the footprint map. Examples of this type of data are house size and primary heat source.

This data source list contains all of the different data sources we use, which means that not all of them are specific to a given municipality. As development progresses, more and more of the data will vary between neighbourhoods and municipalities, so that we to an even larger degree can map local variations. Some examples of data that we expect to vary eventually, but are now the same for all municipalities, are: data about diet, flight trips, and commute distance to work.

Aggregated citizen footprints have been developed by Ducky in collaboration with Asplan Viak and Tietoevry, with the support of the Norwegian Research Council.

Source format

The following information fields are provided for each source:

Variable	Name of variable
Category	Food, energy, transport, goods & services or general
Source	The organisation that produces the dataset.
Reference name	Name of dataset as referred to by Ducky in other documentation
URL	Where the dataset may be found on the Internet. If the dataset is not publicly available online, the URL points to the source institution.
Date accessed	The date on which the dataset was accessed/downloaded by the Ducky team.
Citation	Formal citation for the dataset, source organisation, or other relevant published materials that are helpful in understanding the dataset.
Description	Brief explanation of how the dataset is used in the calculations

Data source list

1. General data sources

Variable	Population
Category	General
Source	Skattedirektoratet
Reference name	National Population Dataset
URL	Tietoevry
Date accessed	Nov 10, 2021
Citation	Vemund & Perrin (2021) Aggregated population statistics for Norway. Tietoevry & Ducky, Trondheim.
Description	Tietoevry, with assistance from Ducky, produces an aggregated population database through use of Skattedirektoratet data. This gives population numbers throughout Norway on a neighbourhood level. For municipalities who have signed a data sharing agreement, this is further broken down into population per household type. These numbers are used as a basis for calculating the footprint of Norwegian households.

2. Sources related to food

Variable	Average food consumption per day in Norway
Category	Food
Source	Helsedirektoratet
Reference name	Norkost 3
URL	Norkost 3
Date accessed	Jan 19, 2021
Citation	T. Holm Totland et. al. (2011) Norkost 3. Helsedirektoratet, Oslo.
Description	The Norkost report gives a picture of the average Norwegian diet which, along with factors for CO2e emissions per food category, allows Ducky to calculate the food footprint.

Variable	CO2e emissions per kcal of food categories
Category	Food
Source	Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)
Reference name	Stamm & Hertwich (2015)
URL	Click here
Date accessed	Feb 12, 2021
Citation	A. Valentine Stamm and E. Hertwich (2015) Carbon Footprint of Diets of Norwegian Households - Status and Potential Reductions (Master’s Thesis). Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim.
Description	CO2e emissions per kcal of food is linked to consumption per category to calculate the total food footprint. The thesis includes a literature survey of emissions factors for major food categories. The thesis additionally describes methods of calculating vegetarian and vegan diets which are used in the Ducky calculator.

Variable	Food waste factor
Category	Food
Source	Matvett and Norsus
Reference name	Matsvinn i Norge
URL	Click here
Date accessed	Feb 4, 2021
Citation	A. E. Stensgård et. al. (2020) Matsvinn i Norge - Rapportering av Nøkkeltall 2015-2019. Matvett & Norsus, Krakeroy.
Description	Based on the reported food waste numbers (reported in kilos of food for different categories), Ducky calculates the additional footprint due to wasted food. We add this to the total food footprint.

Variable	Average food consumption of children in comparison to adults
Category	Food
Source	Public Health England
Reference name	UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey
URL	Click here
Date accessed	Mar 24, 2020
Citation	Public Health England (2017) Years 1 to 9 of the Rolling Programme (2008/2009 – 2016/2017): Time trend and income analyses (Chapter 8). Public Health England, London.
Description	Description of consumption of food by categories across age groups. This is used to estimate the average consumption of individuals under the age of 18. This is expressed as a percentage of an adult diet, which is then used to find the food footprint for households with children.

3. Sources related to transport

Variable	Production of batteries and end-of-life emissions for vehicles
Category	Transport
Source	Environmental Research Letters
Reference name	Ellingsen et al. (2016)
URL	Click here
Date accessed	Feb 25, 2021
Citation	Ellingsen, Linda Ager-Wick, Bhawna Singh, and Anders Hammer Strømman. (2016) The size and range effect: lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions of electric vehicles. Environmental Research Letters, 11(5): 054010.
Description	Data on the production of batteries and end-of-life emissions for battery electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles has been extracted from the article. These values are distributed over an average car lifespan of 200 000 km, along with emissions data, to obtain a factor for emissions per km driving which includes complete lifecycle emissions.

Variable	Vehicle production and maintenance emissions
Category	Transport
Source	European Parliament
Reference name	TRAN Committee Report
URL	Click here
Date accessed	Apr 6, 2021
Citation	Ellingsen, L., and C. Hung (2018) Research for TRAN Committee-Battery-powered electric vehicles: market development and lifecycle emissions. European Parliament, Directorate General for Internal Policies, Policy Department for Structural and Cohesion Policies, Transport and Tourism 10, European Parliament.
Description	Data on the production of vehicles and maintenance emissions for different vehicle types has been extracted from the report. These values are distributed over an average car lifespan of 200 000 km, along with emissions data, to obtain a factor for emissions per km driving which includes complete lifecycle emissions.

Variable	Fraction of electric vs fuel mode for hybrid vehicles
Category	Transport
Source	Journal of Cleaner Production
Reference name	Zackrisson et al. (2010)
URL	Click here
Date accessed	Nov 30, 2021
Citation	Zackrisson, M., Avellán, L. & Orlenius, J. (2010) Life cycle assessment of lithium-ion batteries for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles–Critical issues. Journal of Cleaner Production 18(15): 1519-1529.
Description	Calculations from this research are used to estimate the fractions of electric vs fuel motor used in a plug-in hybrid vehicle, which again is used to calculate the operation emissions for such vehicles.

Variable	Direct emissions data for Norwegian private vehicle fleet
Category	Transport
Source	Statens Vegvesen
Reference name	National Vehicle Registry
URL	Click here
Date accessed	May 5, 2021
Citation	Statens Vegvesen (2021) Miljø- og energimerking. Statens Vegvesen, Oslo.
Description	On a neighbourhood level, Tietoevry provides numbers and average emissions for cars within that neighbourhood, by way of Statens Vegvesen. The emissions data is for fuel use (direct emissions) only, and is therefore combined with lifecycle and maintenance data from the other sources in the transport section to provide a full picture of emissions per kilometre over the vehicles lifetime.

Variable	Average vehicle use statistics
Category	Transport
Source	SSB
Reference name	National Vehicle Use Datasets
URL	SSB data table 12579 SSB data table 12576
Date accessed	Sep 1, 2022
Citation	Statistisk sentralbyrå (Updated 23.06.2022) 12579: Kjørelengder, etter eierens bostedskommune (K) 2005 - 2020.
Description	The average distance driven by different vehicle types per county is combined with the average distance driven by any vehicle per municipality to calculate the average distance driven by fuel type by municipality. This is combined with footprint data (direct emissions and production, maintenance and end-of-life emissions) to calculate the transport footprint of driving private cars in a given municipality.

Variable	Public transport use statistics
Category	Transport
Source	Statistics Norway (SSB)
Reference name	National Public Transport Use Datasets
URL	SSB data table 10484 SSB data table 06670 SSB data table 06672
Date accessed	Sep 1, 2022
Citation	Statistics Norway (Updated 23.06.2022) 10484: Passenger transport by rail, by rail line, 06670: Public transport by bus. Intra-county routes(C), 06672: Public transport by bus. City area routes.
Description	Total number of kilometres travelled by passengers on both local buses and train routes is divided among the inhabitants of the relevant municipalities to determine per person use of trains and bus by municipality.

Variable	Average distance travelled for work, leisure and holiday purposes, as well as mode of transport
Category	Transport
Source	Institute of Transport Economics
Reference name	Norwegian National Travel Survey
URL	Click here
Date accessed	July 6, 2022
Citation	Grue, B. (n.d.). Den nasjonale reisevaneundersøkelsen 2018/19 - nøkkelrapport. www.toi.no
Description	The average distance travelled by various modes of transport, along with the purpose of travel, is combined with CO2e emissions data to calculate the average Norwegian’s transport footprint. Values from this report are used as default when other data is lacking.

Variable	Emissions factors for public transport and airplanes
Category	Transport
Source	DEFRA - Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy
Reference name	DEFRA GHG factors
URL	Click here
Date accessed	Mar 26, 2020
Citation	Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy (2019) Greenhouse Gas Reporting: Conversion Factors 2019, DEFRA, London.
Description	Direct emissions data for flights of different lengths, including average occupancy, as well as public transport such as bus, trains and boats, is taken from this report. These data are combined with indirect emissions data (principle “wells-to-wheels” data for fuel extraction), and, for flights, a radiative forcing factor to obtain the CO2e emissions per passenger kilometre. The transport footprint can then be calculated based on statistical data on the number of flights, bus trips, etc taken on average.

Variable	Default Flight Numbers (Continental and International)
Category	Transport
Source	Avinor
Reference name	Flight travellers’ habit report 2019 at Avinor Airports 2019
URL	Click here
Date accessed	Oct 14, 2022
Citation	Avinor (2020) Reisevaner på fly 2019.
Description	The document contains the travel habits based on surveys conducted at Avinor’s airports during 2019. It contains data on the number of passengers and flights both domestically and internationally. Further information is given on the nature of travel (business or leisure), most popular destinations etc.

Variable	Public transport and domestic flight statistics
Category	Transport
Source	Telia Crowd Insights
Reference name	Telia Mobility Data
URL	Click here
Date accessed	Mar 30, 2023
Citation	Telia (2023) Telia Crowd Insights Home Municipality Dataset.
Description	The dataset provides data showing trends in the use of tram, train, boat and domestic flights from 2021 and 2022 by Telia users. It shows kilometres travelled by the different transport forms, based on a user’s home municipality, aggregated to a municipality’s population based on the percentage of the population assigned to Telia.

4. Sources related to consumption of goods and services

Variable	Spending per category of goods and services
Category	Goods and services
Source	Statistics Norway (SSB)
Reference name	CES 2012
URL	SSB table 10235
Date accessed	Dec 7, 2021
Citation	Statistics Norway (Updated 17.12.13) 10235: Expenditure per household per year, by commodity and service group
Description	The consumer expenditure survey from SSB supplies average yearly spending per household for 46 basic categories. Spending patterns for 7 different household types, depending on the constellation of occupants, are included. Based on familial income and number of adults and children, Ducky’s calculation places a household in one of the household types, and extrapolates spending patterns according to income. Based on the CO2 emissions associated with each category, we can then calculate the footprint of spending on goods and services.

Variable	Emissions per category for goods and services
Category	Goods and services
Source	Journal of Industrial Ecology
Reference name	Input-output matching with CES
URL	Click here
Date accessed	May 3, 2021
Citation	Steen‐Olsen, K., Wood, R. and Hertwich, E. G. (2016) The carbon footprint of Norwegian household consumption 1999–2012. Journal of Industrial Ecology 20(3): 582-592.
Description	The cited paper describes a method by which consumer expenditure survey data is matched with macroeconomic environmentally extended input-output data to obtain emissions factors per category spending of goods & services.

Variable	Income statistics
Category	Goods and services
Source	Tietoevry
Reference name	National Income Statistics
URL	Tietoevry
Date accessed	Nov 10, 2021
Citation	Vemund & Perrin (2021) Aggregated household and individual income statistics for Norway. TietoEvry & Ducky, Trondheim.
Description	Tietoevry, with assistance from Ducky, produces an aggregated income database which gives deducted income on a neighbourhood level. For municipalities who have signed a data sharing agreement, this is given as income per household, and on a household type level (eg. per single individual households), where the total number of that household type is over 5. For municipalities that have not signed a DSA, average income per person over the age of 17 is used in the calculation.

Variable	Deductible income to gross income conversion factor
Category	Goods and services
Source	Statistics Norway (SSB)
Reference name	Income Type Comparison
URL	SSB table 03068
Date accessed	Nov 10, 2021
Citation	Statistics Norway (Updated 18th March 2021) 03068: Main entries from the tax assessment for residents 17 years and older, by sex (kr) (K) 1993 - 2019.
Description	Deductible income is converted to gross income using the relationship between the two throughout Norway. Gross income has been found to be a more reliable indicator of household spending power. The income is used to identify spending per category of goods and services, and thereby find the footprint of consumption of goods and services.

5. Sources related to energy

Variable	Average electricity use for different dwelling types and household size
Category	Energy
Source	Statistics Norway (SSB)
Reference name	Energy use in households
URL	Click here
Date accessed	Dec 3, 2021
Citation	Statistics Norway (Update July 14, 2014) Tables 10573: Average energy consumption per household, by house type & 10574: Average energy consumption per household, by household size
Description	Energy usage households by house type is used to calculate a factor for energy use per square meter. We can use this factor to estimate the yearly energy usage for a given dwelling size and type. Energy consumption by household size is used to calculate a factor to adjust the overall average energy use according to the number of people living in the house. This is the starting point for finding the energy footprint

Variable	Living area statistics
Category	Energy
Source	Matrikkelen
Reference name	National living area database
URL	Tietoevry
Date accessed	Nov 10, 2021
Citation	Vemund & Perrin (2021) Aggregated living area statistics for Norway. Tietoevry & Ducky.
Description	Tietoevry, with assistance from Ducky, produces an aggregated living area database on a neighbourhood level. This gives living area in square metres per household using data provided by Matrikkelen. For municipalities who have signed a Data Sharing Agreement, this is further divided into household types (eg. per single individual household), only when the total number of that household type is over 5.

Variable	People per household
Category	Energy
Source	Folkeregisteret
Reference name	National household database
URL	Tietoevry
Date accessed	Nov 10, 2021
Citation	Vemund & Perrin (2021) Aggregated living area statistics for Norway. Tietoevry & Ducky.
Description	Tietoevry, with assistance from Ducky, connects people living in a given neighbourhood to households, giving an estimate of people per household for that neighbourhood. For municipalities who have signed a Data Sharing Agreement, this is further divided into household types (eg. number of people living as a couple with one child).

Variable	Breakdown of energy use by end use
Category	Energy
Source	The Norwegian Energy Regulatory Authority
Reference name	NVE Energy use in buildings
URL	Click here
Date accessed	Dec 3, 2021
Citation	“Energibruk i bygg.” NVE, 17 Sept 2019
Description	The Norwegian Energy Regulatory Authority gives a breakdown of energy use in households in the categories heating, lighting, hot water and electrical appliances as percentages of the total energy use. We use these percentages to estimate the energy use per category, based on a total energy use. This is then used to calculate the energy footprint.

Variable	Emissions factor for district heating in Norway
Category	Energy
Source	Asplan Viak
Reference name	District heating factors
URL	Asplan Viak
Date accessed	Mar 12, 2021
Citation	Email correspondence with Kristine Bjordal from Asplan Viak
Description	Asplan Viak has performed a survey of the sources of district heating in Norway, and has used this to calculate a CO2 emissions factor for this energy source. We use this to calculate the energy footprint, based on data about district heating use.

Variable	Emissions factor of burning wood
Category	Energy
Source	Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)
Reference name	Arvesen et al. (2018)
URL	Nature - article
Date accessed	April 4, 2020
Citation	Arvesen, Anders, et al. "Cooling aerosols and changes in albedo counteract warming from CO 2 and black carbon from forest bioenergy in Norway." Scientific reports 8.1 (2018): 1-13.
Description	This study looks into the footprint of burning Norwegian wood in Norwegian homes, taking into consideration the different types of trees typically used, efficiency of wood stoves and secondary greenhouse forcing factors such as albedo change and black carbon. We use their average numbers to estimate the footprint of burning wood to heat your home.

Variable	Efficiency of heat pumps
Category	Energy
Source	Enova
Reference name	Enova: Varmepumper
URL	Enova - varmepumper
Date accessed	Dec 7, 2021
Citation
Description	Enova provides data on the efficiency of heat pumps. This allows Ducky to calculate the relative energy savings for homes that have heat pumps installed.

Variable	Energy classification of dwellings
Category	Energy
Source	Enova
Reference name	Enova energy rating
URL	https://www.enova.no/energimerking/energimerkestatistikk/
Date accessed	Feb 24, 2022
Citation	-
Description	The dataset from Enova lists energy classification per dwelling type per BSU. The rates range from A to G. This data is used in adjusting the energy usage per household. Data is provided by Enova, but Ducky receives it through Tietoevry.